Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. My life and education both do learn me In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". A archethpes symbol or myth leads to the establishment of a general truth. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. archetypal criticism in othello Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. O my souls joy, Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, archetypal criticism in othelloboone county wv obituaries. She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. She does not fight back nor call for help, Desdemona begs for her life asking to Kill me (Desdemona) tomorrow; let me live tonight! (V.ii.97). He turns to Iago, who has been brought before him to know the reason for his actions. James Baird, Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems, Literary Criticism and Psychology (ed. I do perceive here a divided duty: Where a malignant and a turband Turk (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. . The tragedy of Othello, written by William Shakespeare, presents the main character Othello, as a respectable, honorable, and dignified man, but because of his insecurities and good nature, he is easily taken advantage of and manipulated by his peers and alleged friends. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. And so much duty as my mother showd For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. Shakespeare often focuses his plays on human nature as well as fate, which Othellos fate ended in the tragic ending due to his reversal of fortune once the claims against Desdemona begin. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. . Other forms previously labeled Jungian are here subsumed under the term archetypal because whatever their immediate specific focus, these forms operate on a set of assumptions derived from Jung and accept the depth-psychological structure posited by Jung. Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. Othello, though, decides to kill her. To furnish me with some swift means of death This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. He ends up killing her out of jealousy; when she does not deserve it. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. Home Archetypal Criticism Archetypal Criticism, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on October 22, 2020 ( 0 ). He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures. ("Literary Criticism.") Is Othello or Hamlet better? What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. Learn what works (and what doesn't) from the reader's perspective. This way of proceeding had the effect of putting, and keeping, archetypal criticism on the margins of academic discourse and outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines and departments. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. At mid-century, Canadian critic Northrop Frye (1912-91) introduced new distinctions in literary criticism between myth and archetype. From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. The story opens on Briony Tallis, a 13-year-old growing up in the upper-middle class in England in 1953 with . That's a matter of opinion. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. Othello assumes that Emilia is helping Desdemona in her infidelity. . A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . What makes you cringe? The critical annotations are astute and, given their brevity, surprisingly thorough and suggestive. Carl Jungs Contribution to Psychoanalytic Theory. "Othello", by William Shakespeare, is a story of jealousy's potential to manipulate thoughts and eventually lead to ultimate demise. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. Witness that here Iago doth give up So much I challenge that I may profess Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othello's inevitable downfall. An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Mythological Criticism and Archetypes BY: TO: AYTEKIN ALIYEVA Prof. SHAHIN KHALILLI. He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . This burgeoning theoretical movement and the generally unsatisfying nature of so much early Jungian literary criticism are both linked to the problematic nature of Jungs own writing on literature, which comprises a handful of essays: The Type Problem in Poetry, On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry, Psychology and Literature, Ulysses: A Monologue, and Is There a Freudian Type of Poetry? These essays reveal Jungs lack of awareness as a reader despite his sense that they may show how ideas that play a considerable role in my work can be applied to literary material (Collected 15:109^. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. Othello decides the only way to right his wrong is to take his own life. Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. 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As he attempts to carry out his execution of Desdemona, she for the first time realizes his charges against her and his utter delusion. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. Active Themes Emilia returns with Desdemona. This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Commend me to my kind lord. Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. I will withdraw The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). What hooks you? "), "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." O, farewell! (5. Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? what is wrong with franklin baby on tiktok. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. Looking at William Shakespeare's Othello The Moor Of Venice, the central character, Othello is revered as the tragic hero. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. Archetypal Literary Criticism. Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. In his major work, The Anatomy of Criticism, he states: 'I mean by an archetype a symbol which connects one poem with another and thereby helps to unify and integrate our . Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. 364-367). 1. This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Now art thou my lieutenant. Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. (3.3.54) Ex. According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. Othello falls in love with Desdemona and they secretly marry; later, he leaves to Cyprus to stop the Turks. As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX, ("An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare. Further, myth critics, aligned with writers in comparative anthropology and philosophy, are said to include Frazer, Jessie Weston, Leslie Fiedler, Ernst Cassirer, Claude Lvi-Strauss, Richard Chase, Joseph Campbell, Philip Wheelwright, and Francis Fergusson. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). Reading example essays works the same way! Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. Literary Theory from 1900 to 1966: A-Z A Alexander Chirila First published: 24 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a009 Read the full text PDF Tools Share Abstract Archetypal criticism is a form of analysis based on the identification and study of recurring symbolic and mythic patterns. Othello as a character of noble blood seems to conform to all these. Within these three days let me hear thee say As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. Posted on . He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. An equal case can be made that Iago here completes his role as Vice, borrowed from the medieval morality plays, sealing the Faustian bargain for Othellos soul in this mock or black marriage scene. Aristotle believed that the plot is the most important element in a play and that plot also clearly points out the problem of any characters to be solved. After the. Their discourse is conducted in poetic language; that is, their notions of soul-making come from the Romantics, especially William Blake and John Keats. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. Othello: Damn her, lewd minx! Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. The fulfillment of the wedding night that should come at the climax of the comedy is relocated to act 2, with the aftermath of the courtship and the wedding now taking center stage.
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